- PAKISTAN ECONOMIC and SOCIAL REVIEW, Vol # 59, Issue # 1
- THE EVOLUTION AND INTENSITY OF NON-TARIFF MEASURES ON IMPORTS IN GCC
THE EVOLUTION AND INTENSITY OF NON-TARIFF MEASURES ON IMPORTS IN GCC
- BUSHRA FAIZI/
- NASIM SHAH SHIRAZI/
- June 30, 2021
Keywords
The paper investigates the evolution of core non-tariff measures (NTMs) on imports in GCC at the HS 6-digit product level. The paper calculates the frequency indices (FI) and coverage ratios (CR) for 2003 and 2015 using data from UNCTAD and COMTRADE. Although the GCC tariffs declined, it experienced an increase in core NTMs. However, compared to GCC, non-GCC high-income countries have higher FI (number of imports subject to NTMs) and CR (import value subject to NTMs) in 2015 than in 2003. Saudi Arabia has the highest FI and CR among GCC. Oman and Kuwait have relatively lower FI and CR. The increase in FI and CR from 2003 to 2015 is highest for Bahrain. GCC imports are equally subject to technical measures and quantity restrictions. Looking at the NTMs applied across the GCC sectors, we find that more than 90 percent of the agriculture sector is subject to quantity control and technical measures, compared to less than half percent in the manufacturing industry. We recommend GCC to review, monitor, and simplify the NTMs, particularly in the agriculture sector, to ensure food security in the long run. Harmonization of cross-border trade and investment-related issues such as a custom corporation, removing administrative barriers, and eliminating restrictive and discriminatory trade policies may lead to welfare gains in GCC and trading partners.
Ali, S. (2016). Export response to sanitary and phytosanitary measures and technical barriers to trade: Firm-level evidence from a developing country (No. 16/02).
Bacchetta, M., & Beverelli, C. (2012). Trade and public policies: A closer look at non-tariff measures in the 21st century. In International Trade Forum (No. 3, p. 19). International Trade Centre.
Boughanmi, H., Al-Shammakhi, A., & Antimiani, A. (2016). Deeper Integration or Wider Integration? the case of Gulf Cooperation Council. Journal of Economic Integration, 206-233.
Cadot, O., & Gourdon, J. (2016). Non-tariff measures, preferential trade agreements, and prices: new evidence. Review of World Economics, 152(2), 227-249.
Cadot, O., Gourdon, J., & Van Tongeren, F. (2018). Estimating Ad Valorem Equivalents of Non-Tariff Measures: Combining Price-Based and Quantity-Based Approaches.
Chadee, D., Roxas, B., & Rogmans, T. (2014). Prospects and Challenges of Free Trade Agreements: Unlocking Business Opportunities in Gulf CoOperation Council (GCC) Markets. Springer.
Eibl, F., & Malik, A. (2016). The Politics of Partial Liberalization: Cronyism and Non-Tariff Protection in Mubarak's Egypt.
Felbermayr, G. J., & Jung, B. (2011). Sorting it out: technical barriers to trade and industry productivity. Open Economies Review, 22(1), 93-117.
Fernandeshiau, A., Kee, H., & Ozden, C.; May 11, 2020: Free trade now: A case for tariff reductions and non-tariff measures simplifications to fight COVID-19 (coronavirus);
https://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/free-trade-now-case-tariffreductions-and-non-tariff-measures-simplifications-fight
Fontagné, L., Mitaritonna, C., & Signoret, J. (2016). Estimated tariff equivalents of services NTMs.
Gourdon, J., & Nicita, A. (2013). A preliminary analysis on newly collected data on non-tariff measures (No. 53). United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
Hu, X., & He, C. (2020). Non-tariff measures, trade deflection, and market expansion of exporters in China. Growth and Change, 51(3), 932-953.
Kee, H. L., & Nicita, A. (2016, November). Trade frauds, trade elasticities and non-tariff measures. In 5th IMF-World Bank-WTO Trade Research Workshop, Washington, DC, November (Vol. 30).
Liu, C., Lin, D., Liu, J., & Li, Y. (2019). Quantifying the effects of non-tariff measures on African agri-food exporters. Agrekon, 58(4), 451-471.
Looi Kee, H., Nicita, A., & Olarreaga, M. (2009). Estimating trade restrictiveness indices. The Economic Journal, 119(534), 172-199.
Mustafa, A., & Qayyum, A. (2016). Impact of technical barriers to trade on trade between China and Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 235-250.
Niu, Z., Liu, C., Gunessee, S., & Milner, C. (2018). Non-tariff and overall protection: evidence across countries and over time. Review of World Economics, 154(4), 675-703.
Tudela-Marco, L., Garcia-Alvarez-Coque, J. M., & Martinez-Gomez, V. (2014). Are non-tariff measures a substitute for tariffs in agricultural trade? Recent evidence from southern Mediterranean countries. Outlook on AGRICULTURE, 43(4), 235-240.
UNCTAD; (2016) Guidelines to collect data on official non-tariff measures.
UNCTAD; (2019) International classification of non-tariff measures.
World Bank, UNCTAD (2018) The unseen impact of non-tariff measures: Insights from a new database.
World Bank; (2019) Pakistan Trade Strategy Development and Modernizing Trade in Pakistan: A Policy Reform Handbook"
Yeo, A. D., & Deng, A. (2019). The trade policy effect in international trade:
case of Pakistan. Journal of Economic Structures, 8(1), 43.
Statistics
Author(s):
Details:
Type: | Articles |
Volume: | 59 |
Issue: | 1 |
Language: | English |
Id: | 613c9d452aad2 |
Pages | 113 - 142 |
Published | June 30, 2021 |
Statistics
|
---|
Copyrights
The research published by Pakistan Economic and Social Review (PESR) is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. It allows readers to Share_ copy and redistribute, Adapt_ remix and transform. PESR offers free full text downloading to its online contents to all readers. No subscription fee is required to read and download online articles. |
---|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.